Correct application of coagulation and flocculation processes and selection of the. Flocculation or floculation is a significant process widely utilized in water treatment operations, including purification of drinking water, sewage water treatment, storm water treatment and treatment of various other industrial wastewater streams. Download coagulation and flocculation ebook pdf or read online books in pdf, epub. Coagulation and flocculation american water college. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment provides a comprehensive account of coagulation and flocculation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications. The removal of contaminants from these effluents involves the process of flocculation and coagulation. The process of agglomeration of the destabilized particles to such a size that separation by sedimentation and filtration is possible. Analysis and optimization of coagulation and flocculation. Removal of precipitates coagulation rapid chemical mix destabilization of suspended particles flocculation slow mix particle collision and growth. Emerson water is clarified using the processes of coagulation and flocculation, which remove suspended solids turbidity from water by causing the suspended particles to aggregate into a slime, that settles out of the water. Koopal modelling polymer adsorption, steric stabilization, and flocculation, gerard j. The definition of coagulation and flocculation is not uniform throughout the industry and to prevent any misunderstandings we define the terms as. These properties are largely determined by coagulant type, dose, ph and mixing intensity 4, 51.
Enhanced coagulation and enhanced precipitative softening guidance manual. Though often used interchangeably with coagulation, it is in fact a distinct process that. Sonntag adsorption of ions and surfactants, luuk k. It is imperative for relevant stakeholders to fully comprehend the technicalities involved when considering the coagulants for. Coagulation and flocculation coagulation and flocculationconsist of adding a flocforming chemical reagent to a water to enmesh or combine with nonsettleable colloidal solids and slowsettling suspended solids to produce a rapidsettling floc. Antagonists of vitamin k inhibit a vitaminkdependent posttranslational modification of several coagulation.
Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. This enables their removal by sedimentation, dissolved air flotation or filtration. Flocculation and coagulation is a chemical cleaning treatment for the waste water generally undertaken before the sedimentation process thus aiding in enhancing the process to remove particles from the water. Coagulation and flocculation process may be used as a pretreatment step prior to biological treatment in order to enhance the biodegradability of organic compounds amuda and amoo, 2007 or to increase the efficiency of removal of colloidal particles colla et al. Optimization of coagulationflocculation process with aluminum sulfate based on response 79 collection of tools in design or data analysis that enhance the exploration of a region of design variables in one ore more dimensions 3. The suspended particles vary considerably in source, composition charge, particle size.
Topics of discussion the place of flocculation within a water treatment process the use of coagulation and flocculation in the water industry softening separation of flocs by settling and flotation 042716 water treatment 35 36. Study on the factors affecting coagulation and flocculation. For optimal coagulation and flocculation it is important that aggregates of certain size, strength and density are formed. On the other hand, flocculation means to form flocs. Download coagulation and flocculation ebook pdf or read online books in pdf. But this kind of charge patch mechanism brings about many difficulties and results in extensive substitution of the materials. Groundwater and surface water contain both dissolved and suspended particles. Flocculation is synonymous with agglomeration and coagulation coalescence. Coagulation and flocculation play a dominant role in many water and wastewater treatment, schemes. Agency hopes that it will provide practical guidance to those. May 03, 2012 coagulation and flocculation free download as powerpoint presentation.
In flocculation one can make a distinction between perikinetic and. Oct 23, 2017 flocculation is a process in chemistry wherein colloids are extracted from suspensions which then take the form of flake or floc. The microalgal cells began to coagulate when the ph decreased from ph 6. This research focuses on the use of ferric nitrate as a coagulant to study flocculation kinetics including the fundamental mechanisms of orthokinetic flocculation, the impact of low water temperature, and the effect of sulfate ion.
Particles that aggregate by the use of polymers that binds them together. Pdf the aim of this paper is to provide an overall description of coagulation flocculation process and its applications in water and wastewater. Coagulation and flocculation water purification physical. Various sizes of particles in raw water particle diameter mm type settling velocity 10 pebble 0. The coagulant is often a salt and breaks down to release charges.
Flocculation is gentle stirring or agitation to encourage. Coagulation and flocculation are designed to remove infectious agents, remove toxic compounds that have adsorbed to the surface of particles, remove precursors to the formation of disinfection byproducts, and make the water palatable. The conventional multifactor experiment was employed whereby optimization was carried out by varying a single factor while keeping all other factors constant. Pdf waste water treatment by coagulation and flocculation. The optimum ph for the coagulation and flocculation process must be determined experimentally.
Coagulationflocculation process for produced water treatment. Material for this article was largely taken from reference 1. In a second experiment, river water ph was adjusted at different phs between 4. Flocculation is also known as coagulation and agglomeration. Coagulation and flocculation process fundamentals 1 coagulation and flocculation. Correct application of coagulation and flocculation processes and selection of the coagulants depend upon understanding the interaction between these factors. Flocculant and coagulant market global industry analysis. Meanwhile, flocculation is a mixing technique that promotes agglomeration and assists in the settling of particles. Basically, coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilize a stabilized charged particle. Multilizer pdf translator free version translation is limited to 3 pages per translation. Suspended solids in water have a negative charge and since they have the same type of surface. In a system that promotes flocculation, there is no cake formation because all flocs are suspended. The floc is subsequently removed in most cases by sedimentation. Freshwater microalgae harvested via flocculation induced.
Coagulation and flocculation are essential processes in various disciplines. Coagulation is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought about by the addition of a chemical reagent called as coagulant. This technique is used in treating wastewater, both industrial and treated sewage, from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Calculate the concentration in percent of a polymer solution if 30 g of dry polymer is mixed with 1 gallon of water. The coagulationflocculation processes facilitate the removal of ss and colloidal particles. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. After coagulation the destabilized particles can collide, aggregate so flocs can be formed. The coagulation flocculation experiment was carried out using a flocculator with six paddles, at room temperature. Correct application of coagulation and flocculation processes and selection of the coagulants depend upon understanding the interaction. Ppt coagulation and flocculation linkedin slideshare. Ene 806 project report 2 coagulation and flocculation.
Pdf coagulationflocculation processes in waterwastewater. It is specific to each application and is dependent upon the sample, the coagulation and flocculation agents used, the desired clarity of the water, and the waters end use. Bibliography includes bibliographical references and index. Correct application of coagulation and flocculation processes and selection. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment bratby, john download bok. This article provides an overview of the processes and looks at the latest thinking. Blood coagulation bjorn dahlback under normal circumstances, the coagulation system is balanced in favour of anticoagulation.
The kinetics of flocculation was studied for systems of kaolin dispersions destabilized by ferric nitrate coagulant in an 18 liter batch reactor under tightly. Rapid mixing of the water and coagulant is important to ensure thorough and even distribution of the coagu lant. Flocculation efficiencies for the three species of freshwater microalgal cells were studied in terms of ph variations figure 1. Coagulation is a process to neutralize charges and then to form a gelatinous mass to trap or bridge particles thus forming a mass large enough to settle or be trapped in the filter. The flocculant is often a polymer which induces the settling of particles and eventually grows into larger flake.
In the flocculated system, there is no formation of. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment provides a comprehensive account of coagulation and flocculation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications thoroughly revised and updated since the 1st edition it has. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking water. Thrombin is the key effector enzyme of the clotting cascade. Mar 31, 2016 3312016 2 why coagulation and flocculation. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater. Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the water. In water treatment, coagulation is the result of the addition of chemical reagents to water. Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge whereas flocculation is a physical process and does not involve neutralization of charge. Apr 27, 2016 topics of discussion the place of flocculation within a water treatment process the use of coagulation and flocculation in the water industry softening separation of flocs by settling and flotation 042716 water treatment 35 36. It can be described as a physical or a mechanical process in which the coagulated clumps are made to join. Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the water. Download pdf coagulation and flocculation free online new.
Calculate the concentration in percent of a polymer solution if 300 g of dry polymer is mixed with 15 gallons of water. The polar, high molecular weight and hydrophobic compounds are best remove by coagulation and flocculation. It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Suspended particles vary in source, charge, particle size, shape, and density. In water treatment, coagulation flocculation involves the addition of compounds that promote the clumping of fines into larger floc so that they can be more easily separated from the water. Flocculation kinetics using feiii coagulant in water. This can take place spontaneously or may be brought about by adding clarifying agents.
Download pdf coagulation and flocculation free online. Coagulationflocculation process for produced water. Coagulation and flocculation tu delft opencourseware. The suspended particles vary considerably in source, composition charge, particle size, shape, and density.
Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment provides a comprehensive account of coagulation and flocculation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications thoroughly revised and updated this new edition has been progressively modified and increased in scope to cater for the requirements of practitioners involved. Flocculation,flocculation process,uses of flocculation process. Treatment of oily wastewater using composite flocculant of. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment is a readable and useful resource for the water scientist and engineer. Coagulation and flocculation play an important part in many liquidsolid separations and is widely used in wastewater treatment. Correct application of coagulation and flocculation depends upon these factors.
Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process in which colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment bratby, john coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment provides a comprehensive account of coagulation and flocculation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications. Coagulation coagulation and flocculation of sewage. The purpose of the present article is to clarify and explain the processes in details along. Flocculation is used for water purification, and can even be used to extract certain corrosive elements from water. Its used in the first stage of solidsliquids separation. Water is clarified using the processes of coagulation and flocculation, which remove suspended solids turbidity from water by causing the suspended particles to aggregate into a slime, that settles out of the water. The action differs from precipitation in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended in a liquid and not actually dissolved in a solution. Another type of tanks combine between flocculation and sedimentation in one tank and called solid contact flocculator clarifier. Coagulation and flocculation free download as powerpoint presentation. Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of drinking water treatment as well as wastewater treatment. The coagulation flocculation process can be used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water or wastewater treatment processes like filtration and sedimentation.
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